
A: A TBI can be caused by a direct blow to the skull or by acceleration and deceleration. It can be either a penetrating injury, where an object penetrates the skull and dura matter protecting the brain, or a non-penetrating, "closed-head" injury. Because evidence of penetrating injuries can be obvious, most brain injury litigation surrounds closed-head injuries, which are harder for physicians to diagnose and for lawyers to quantify.
Traumatic brain injuries can be mild (a concussion), moderate, or severe, which can lead to permanent disability or death. The most common types of moderate-to-severe injuries are diffuse axonal injury (DAI), contusion, and subdural hemorrhage (Gutierrez-Cadavid, 2005).
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